In Oslo, the building of a publisher which recently put out a translation of a Danish book on the cartoon controversy was also affected, but was apparently not the target. The Oslo attacks, though hitting two targets, were not simultaneous and the delay between them left open the possibility of a single perpetrator. Madrid suffered an Islamist militant bomb attack on commuter trains in that killed people. The Oslo district attacked is the very heart of power in Norway.
Nevertheless, security is not tight in a country unused to such violence and better known for awarding the Nobel Peace Prize and mediating in conflicts, including the Middle East and Sri Lanka. The Reuters correspondent said the streets had been fairly quiet in mid-afternoon on a Friday in high summer, when many Oslo residents take vacation or leave for weekend breaks. That attack was followed weeks later by the arrest in Denmark of five men for allegedly planning to attack the newspaper which first ran the Mohammad cartoons.
In July , Norwegian police arrested three men for an alleged plot to organise at least one attack on Norwegian targets and said they were linked to individuals investigated in the United States and Britain. World News Updated. Rescue workers work at the scene of a powerful explosion that rocked central Oslo July 22, In addition to the six HEMS helicopters and two SAR helicopters, three additional helicopters from the Royal Norwegian Air Force, one police helicopter and two press helicopters were in the area at different times.
Despite these challenges, all HEMS and SAR helicopters were able to communicate and organise adequate improvised landing sites and patterns for landing and take-off near the casualty-clearing station. The data presented in this article are therefore based largely on data from other sources. Accordingly, the time sequences presented are not entirely reliable. We believe, however, that our reconstruction is fairly accurate. The recordings of the patient flow in the initial phase of the evacuation from both scenes were not complete.
In hindsight, all victims were accounted for, but in some cases, the evacuation points from which specific individuals were evacuated are still unclear. A reconstruction of these events would probably have been possible from interviews with the victims, the EMS personnel and the police. However, such an extensive data collection process was not within the scope of this descriptive study.
The terrorist attacks in Norway on July 22, elicited a massive prehospital response involving units from eight different health enterprises. Despite the occurrence of two scenes within a short time span and with a significant geographical distance between them, a large number of EMS and HEMS resources from different systems could be activated and utilised.
However, we believe that the EMS response was successful under the given conditions. We also believe that the experiences warrant a "common language" in the management of major incidents, perhaps in the form of a national standard major incident triage. Article PubMed Google Scholar.
Helse og Omsorgsdepartementet: Forskrift om krav til akuttmedisinske tjenester utenfor sykehus. FOR nr Google Scholar. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. Luftambulansetjenesten ANS. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. Justis- og Politidepartementet: Den norske redningstjenesten.
Air Medical Journal. Emerg Med Australas. Article Google Scholar. Prehosp Disaster Med. PubMed Google Scholar. Crit Care. Download references. We thank Professor David Lockey for his valuable input in the process of drafting this manuscript, Lars Andresen at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute for providing weather data from the day of the incidents and Lena Gran for her valuable assistance with designing the figures. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Stephen JM Sollid. SJMS drafted the manuscript and coordinated the writing process and data presentation. RR helped draft the manuscript and contributed to the data collection from the Oslo scene. MR helped draft the manuscript and develop the figures. ANR helped draft the manuscript and develop the figures. MS helped draft the manuscript and coordinated the data collection. The Collaborating group helped verify the data collected.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions. Sollid, S. Download citation. Received : 06 December Accepted : 26 January Published : 26 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background On July 22, , a single perpetrator killed 77 people in a car bomb attack and a shooting spree incident in Norway.
Methods A retrospective and observational study was conducted based on data from the EMS systems involved and the public domain. Results We describe the timeline and logistics of the EMS response, focusing on alarm, dispatch, initial response, triage and evacuation.
Conclusions Many EMS units were activated and effectively used despite the occurrence of two geographically separate incidents within a short time frame. Background On July 22, , Norway was struck by two terrorist attacks. The Norwegian trauma care system Norway has a three-tiered system of local, central and university hospitals. EMS major incident preparedness A standard for major incident triage does not exist in Norway; most triage systems are confined to local systems [ 8 ].
Scene descriptions and EMS resources; Oslo Oslo is the capital of Norway and has a population of approximately , inhabitants. Full size table.
Figure 1. Full size image. Results The Oslo government district scene Table 2 shows an overview of the events related to the EMS response following the bomb attack on the Oslo government district with point of time.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Patient flow from both scenes to hospitals and institutions that received victims. Discussion Summary of events The core of the prehospital efforts directly related to the attacks took place over a period of 10 hours. The prehospital challenges of July 22, Geography and EMS systems Other terrorist attacks in recent years, including the attacks in Istanbul in [ 13 ], Madrid in [ 14 ] and London in [ 15 ], also presented with multiple scenes, which creates a tremendous challenge for the EMS systems.
Safety of the EMS personnel EMS personnel in Norway are not required to operate under conditions that can pose a threat to personal safety. Triage and evacuation There is no standard for prehospital triage in Norway [ 8 ], and to our knowledge, no single system was used for triage in any of the scenes on July 22, Patient flow and communication Similarly to most incidents of this magnitude, the victims quickly spread over a large area.
Emergency equipment The overall impression is that sufficient medical equipment was available at both scenes and that little equipment was actually used because the focus was on rapid triage and evacuation.
Although he can be released after his sentence of 21 years under Norwegian law, he will likely have his sentence extended for the rest of his life due to the severity of his crimes and his statement that he would have liked to kill more people during his trial.
Under Norwegian law, if a person is considered a threat to the public then they will not be released back into society. We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. British college caretaker Ian Huntley was arrested for two murders in after a highly publicized search for his year-old victims.
Timothy McVeigh was convicted of the Oklahoma City bombing, one of the deadliest acts of terrorism in American history. He was executed for his crimes. James Holmes was found guilty of killing 12 people and injuring 70 in a shooting rampage at a Colorado movie theater on July 20, Mobster John "Junior" Gotti allegedly served as a capo in the Gambino family and was the acting boss when his father, John Gotti was in prison.
Ted Kaczynski is a mathematician best known for a campaign of letter bombs he sent as the 'Unabomber' over a nearly year period, resulting in three fatalities. Dubbed the "Night Stalker," Richard Ramirez was an American serial killer who broke into California homes, raping and torturing more than 25 victims and killing at least 13 over a two-year rampage. In , Richard Speck committed one of the most horrifying mass murders in American history when he brutalized and killed eight student nurses living on Chicago's South Side.
Griselda Blanco was a high-level operative in the infamous Medellin Cartel, known for trafficking cocaine in major urban centers like Miami, Florida, and her murderous ways. Andrei Chikatilo was a former school teacher who murdered more than 50 young people in the Soviet Union. Anders Behring Breivik is the admitted perpetrator of the July attacks in Norway that killed 77 people.
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