Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. Int J Obstet Gynaecol. Article Google Scholar. Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: getting on with what works.
Antenatal visits and adverse perinatal outcomes: results from a British population-based study. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience.
Accessed 1 Oct Kerber KJ, et al. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery. Essential interventions for maternal, newborn and child health: background and methodology. Reprod Health. Prenatal screening in rural Bangladesh: from prediction to care. Health Policy Plan. Determinants of prenatal care use: evidence from 32 low-income countries across Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
Global inequality: relatively lower, absolutely higher. Is the decline in inequality in Latin America Here to stay? J Hum Dev Capab. Oritz I. Beyond the bottom billion: Global Inequality; Mokdad AH, et al. BMC Med. Dansereau E, et al.
Coverage and timing of antenatal care among poor women in 6 Mesoamerican countries. Health Metr. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: Report of the expert consultation. Accessed 6 July Antenatal care in developing countries. Accessed 29 Sept Barham T, Maluccio JA. Eradicating diseases: the effect of conditional cash transfers on vaccination coverage in rural Nicaragua.
J Health Econ. Sequiera M. The Nicaraguan health system. Darney BG, et al. The relationship of age and place of delivery with postpartum contraception prior to discharge in Mexico: a retrospective cohort study. Barber SL. Family planning advice and postpartum contraceptive use among low-income women in Mexico. Int Fam Plan Perspect. Breastfeeding and sexuality immediately post partum. Fam Physician. PubMed Google Scholar. Programming Strategies for Postpartum Family Planning.
Accessed 22 Dec Effects of interpregnancy interval and outcome of the preceding pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in Matlab, Bangladesh. Inter-American Development Bank. Colombara DV, et al.
Breastfeeding practices among poor women in Mesoamerica. Download references. We would like to express our deep gratitude for those women who gave their time to participate in our survey. The funders were not involved with the design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or preparation of this report. Data are owned by the Inter-American Development Bank. SMI baseline survey data, which comprise the minimal dataset, are publicly available on the SMI website.
SMI follow-up survey data are currently available upon written request from the Inter-American Development Bank, and contact information is listed below. NW, Washington, DC Claire R. Wallace, Danny V. Colombara, Erin B. Palmisano, Casey K. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. CRM conducted the analysis and wrote the manuscript.
PZB and DRZ oversaw the design and implementation of the surveys, and assisted in results interpretation. All authors read the final manuscript and approved it for submission.
Correspondence to Claire R. This research is generated as part of the evaluation of the Salud Mesoamerica Initiative. It is a primary analysis of data collected by the research team between the years of — Surveys were conducted after receiving informed consent from all participants and de-identified prior to receipt by the research institution.
The study received institutional review board approval from the University of Washington, partnering data collection agencies, and the Ministry of Health in each involved country. The corresponding author made the final decision to submit this analysis for publication, and had full access to all data during the production of the manuscript.
Local permissions were obtained from the Ministries of Health in each of the countries and all participants signed consent forms. Metrics details. Antenatal care ANC is one of the core interventions for improving maternal outcomes. This figure was below the least expected 5. This study was aimed to examine individual, household and community level potential determinants of completing the recommended visits in the country. Among women aged 15—49 years who had given birth in the 5 years preceding the survey were included in the analysis.
The robust standard error method of generalized estimation equations were used for binary outcome variable from the clustered data. Only Out of the total women, Out of those who had at least one ANC visit, Completing the recommended visits was negatively associated with women in the lower educational level, lower economic conditions, higher birth order, and rural residence.
But, it was positively associated with the community level high quality ANC services received. Difference in age and region also affected the completion of the recommended visits.
The finding revealed the need for improving the uptake of ANC services, early arrival in the first trimester for services, and motivating mothers that begin ANC to confirm continuity. Strategies to foster completing the recommended visits should focus on upgrading quality of care services at the community level.
Women in low economic level, high birth order, rural residence, and low educational status should be given special attention. Early and late age groups should be given special attention regarding the services.
Peer Review reports. Antenatal care ANC is one of the core interventions for improving maternal outcomes [ 1 ]. ANC services enable early identification of pregnancy related risks and complications; and ensure access of services including health education, vaccines, diagnostic tests and treatments [ 2 ]. It also helps to establish good relationship between pregnant women and service providers [ 3 ]. Moreover, a pregnant woman visiting health facilities for ANC would get advice and support, and will be more informed about health needs and self-care [ 4 ], and consequently leaded to an increased utilization of emergency care services [ 5 , 6 ].
In Ethiopia ANC services for women are provided at community health post, health center and hospital. Although the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health has been working to improve maternal outcomes, the figures show improving access to and strengthening facility based maternal services is still needed.
Several studies conducted among specific localized areas in Ethiopia examined factors affecting ANC utilization [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], but these were neither representative of the country nor particular about the recommended minimum of four visits. The studies considered only individual and household characteristics associated with the utilization of ANC services. However, literatures suggested that context can influence individual health outcomes [ 14 , 15 ].
Communities are local contexts and specific localities where individuals reside, share physical and socioeconomic characteristics, and establish social networks that potentially affect individual health and explain the impact of social inequalities in accessing health services [ 14 ]. This paper attempted to assess individual, household and community related determinants of completing four or more ANC visits among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia by considering the clustered nature of the data.
In order to address this objective, recent data from a large-scale household survey conducted in provided a valuable opportunity. The survey designed to obtain and provide information on basic indicators, including ANC visits, utilized multi stage sampling technique. The study population comprised of women in Ethiopia aged 15 to 49 years and gave birth at least once in the last 5 years preceding the survey.
Out of individual women surveyed, data on the last live birth for women with complete information on variables considered under the study were used. Selection of several potential factors associated with completing four or more ANC visits was based on related studies conducted on the factors influencing ANC utilization [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Explanatory variables like current age, educational status, residence, region, marital status, sex of household head, birth order, and wealth index were used at individual and household levels.
The wealth index variable in the EMDHS included was obtained by using principal component analysis with five quintiles. However, the two low lowest and lower taken as low and the upper most two highest and higher taken as high categories were merged for the purpose of this analysis.
Two categorical variables derived from a self-exclusive proportion were considered, of which the first was a self-exclusive proportion of educated women, showing the community level literacy of women. The second was a self-exclusive proportion of women who took five components of ANC services, showing community related quality of ANC services received [ 20 , 21 ].
The five components considered were all of the six components of ANC which the WHO has determined essential for every pregnant woman except weight measurement. For both the community related variables cut-off points were chosen based on the distribution of cases. The Statistical software Stata version 11 was used for the whole analysis. Due to the similarity of health facility centers, training, and the similar life style conditions, it was expected that responses from the same enumeration area would behave more alike than those of different enumeration areas.
As a result, respondent women were clustered within an enumeration area. Thus, the standard error estimates using independent observations was no longer proper for data sets with cluster structures. This analysis considered the intra-cluster correlation and used the Huber method of robust standard error estimates among the family of generalized estimation equations for clustered data in the binary logistic regression modeling [ 22 , 23 ].
Among the sampled women, only Out of the total women considered for this study Besides, out of those who had at least one ANC, The result also showed that out of samples taken more than three fourths Based on the community level quality of received ANC, Besides, With respect to community level literacy, This figure was Moreover, Measurement limitations. Receiving antenatal care during pregnancy does not guarantee the receipt of interventions that are effective in improving maternal health.
Receiving antenatal care at least four times, which is recommended by WHO, increases the likelihood of receiving effective maternal health interventions during antenatal visits. In addition, standardization of the definition of skilled health personnel is sometimes difficult because of differences in training of health personnel in different countries.
Antenatal care April All topics. Disparities in antenatal care coverage Despite progress being made, large regional and global disparities in women receiving at least four antenatal care visits are observed by residence and wealth. Read more. Build your own dataset Build and download your own customizable dataset on antenatal care data. Query data. Ending preventable newborn deaths and stillbirths by Your doctor, or GP, is likely to be the first health professional you see when you become pregnant, and may help with your antenatal care.
Antenatal care, midwife services, labour and birth, lactation consultant, childbirth education and support for Central Australia. Read more on NT Health website. During your pregnancy, you'll be offered a range of tests, including blood tests and ultrasound scans.
Read more on Better Health Channel website. There are a few extra things you need to know if you are pregnant over the age of While many migrant and refugee women experience healthy pregnancies, issues associated with resettlement can contribute to poorer perinatal outcomes than those experienced by women in general.
Read more on Department of Health website. Pregnancy, Birth and Baby is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.
Video call. This information is for your general information and use only and is not intended to be used as medical advice and should not be used to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any medical condition, nor should it be used for therapeutic purposes. The information is not a substitute for independent professional advice and should not be used as an alternative to professional health care.
If you have a particular medical problem, please consult a healthcare professional. For more information, please visit the links below:.
0コメント